Cobalt is an essential element within supply chains driving the technological transition to electric vehicles Cobalt hydroxide is exported from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) – the world’s largest supplier of cobalt – through global supply chains The price paid for cobalt is the main determinant of artisanal miners’ incomes and livelihoods Artisanal mining tunnels dug into a hillside in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Copperbelt – an area once with unique biodiversity heritage Artisanal cobalt mining by definition relies on basic tools and hard labour, with little if any health and safety measures Cobalt mining tunnels often reach lengths and depths far greater than the legal maximum of 30 metres (already an extreme and dangerous level) Trading houses planned before and built during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) aimed to offer greater independence and competition in assessing cobalt value and prices The greatest sustainable development and human rights challenges facing the artisanal cobalt extraction, including child labour and the sexual exploitation of women, are generally found in tolerance zones and industrial mine tailings.